Login To Root User In UBUNTU

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This article totally deals with how to get access to root user in UBUNTU? So going in to topic, by default Ubuntu will not allow us to log in to root user because root user is super user and we can do any thing if we have root access.

Actually be default in Ubuntu root user is disable(means there is root user with out password set). So if we try to login to root user it will not allow us because there is no password set to that user.

So the solution to this problem is to set the password to root user so how to do that? A question arises?
Ans : In order to change the root password we have to log in to run level1.
if you are new to this run level concept you can get that one
here. In order to go to run level.

Step1 : Reboot your Ubuntu system if its on other wise start your ubuntu

Step2 : Brake the timer when its displaying OS choice at the boot time. To brake the timer press any key. So now we will get 3 lines like below.

ubuntu, kernel 2.6.18-generic
ubuntu,kernel 2.6.18-generic(recovery mode)
ubuntu,MeM test86+

Like this you will find at the display. Select the first line by up/down arrows and then press "e" to edit that line. And here again you will get some 3 to 4 lines. Select the line with kernel at the starting and then press "e" again. Now press space bar and 1 at the end of that line and then enter. Then press b to boot. Now you will be in run level 1. Then type the below command to reset the root password
#passwd root

Then after resetting the password execute exit command. From now on words you will have a chance to log in as root user.

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  • History Of Linux

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    1950 : The history of computer operating systems starts in this year, with simple schemes for running batch programs(running programs in groups these prog will not interact with user) efficiently, minimizing idle time between programs.

    1960's : Interactive use of systems started to gain ground. Not only interactive use, but having several people use the same computer at the same time(noting but multi user), from different terminals. Such systems were called time-sharing systems and were quite a challenge to implement compared to the batch systems.

    1965's : There were many attempts at building good time-sharing systems. Some of these were university research projects, others were commercial ones. One such project was Multics, which was quite innovative at the time. It had, for example, a hierarchical file system, something taken for granted in modern operating systems. This multics was the project of combined effort of Bell Lab's, MIT,GE. The Multics project did not, however, progress very well. It took years longer to complete the anticipated and never got a significant share of the operating system market. One of the participants, Bell Labs, withdrew from the project. The Bell Labs people who were involved then made their own operating system and called it as Unix.

    1969 : First UNIX 1 was released.

    1970-1989 : So many flavers of unix came at this time depending on the lack of feature's in previous systems up to unix 7 was released in this time.

    1990 : By this time, Unix had a strong position in the server market and was especially strong in universities. Most universities had Unix systems and computer science students were exposed to them. Many of them wanted to run Unix on their own computers as well. Unfortunately, by that time, Unix had become commercial and rather expensive. About the only cheap option was Minix, a limited Unix-like system written by Andrew Tanenbaum for teaching purpose. There was also 386BSD, a precursor NetBSD, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD, but that wasn't mature yet, and required higher end hardware than many had at home.

    Into this scene came Linux, in October, 1991. Linus Torvalds, the author, had used Unix at the University of Helsinki, and wanted something similar on his PC at home. Since the commercial alternatives were way too expensive, he started out with Minix, but wanted something better and soon started to write his own operating system. After its first release, it soon attracted the attention of several other hackers. While Linux initially was not really useful except as a toy, it soon gathered enough features to be interesting even for people uninterested in operating system development.

    first mail from linus to hacker community

    From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
    Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
    Subject: What would you like to see most in minix?
    Summary: small poll for my new operating system
    Message-ID: <1991aug25.205708.9541@klaava.helsinki.fi>
    Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT
    Organization: University of Helsinki

    Hello everybody out there using minix -
    I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and
    professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing
    since april, and is starting to get ready.I'd like any feedback on
    things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat
    (same physical layout of the file-system(due to practical reasons)
    among other things). I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40),and
    things seem to work.This implies that I'll get something practical within a
    few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any
    suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
    Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)
    PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs.
    It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never
    will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's
    all I have :-(.

    Second mail to community:

    From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
    Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
    Subject: Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT
    Message-ID: <1991oct5.054106.4647@klaava.helsinki.fi>
    Date: 5 Oct 91 05:41:06 GMT
    Organization: University of Helsinki
    Do you pine for the nice days of minix-1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers?
    Are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on a OS you can try to modify for your
    needs? Are you finding it frustrating when everything works on minix? No more all-nighters to get a nifty program working? Then this post might be just for you :-)
    As I mentioned a month(?)ago, I'm working on a free version of a minix-lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has
    finally reached the stage where it's even usable (though may not be depending on
    what you want), and I am willing to put out the sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02 (+1 (very
    small) patch already), but I've successfully run bash/gcc/gnu-make/gnu-sed/compress etc under it.
    Sources for this pet project of mine can be found at nic.funet.fi (128.214.6.100) in the directory /pub/OS/Linux.
    The directory also contains some README-file and a couple of binaries to work under linux
    (bash, update and gcc, what more can you ask for :-). Full kernel source is provided, as no minix code has been
    used. Library sources are only partially free, so that cannot be distributed currently. The system is able to compile
    "as-is" and has been known to work. Heh. Sources to the binaries (bash and gcc) can be found at the
    same place in /pub/gnu.


    Linux itself is only the kernel of an operating system. The kernel is the part that makes all other programs run. It implements multitasking, and manages hardware devices, and generally enables applications to do their thing. All the programs that the user (or system administrator) actually interacts with are run on top of the kernel. Some of these are essential : for example, a command line interpreter (or shell), which is used both interactively and to write shell scripts (corresponding to .BAT files). Linus did not write these programs himself, and used existing free versions instead. This reduced greatly the amount of work he had to do to get a working environment. In fact, he often changed the kernel to make it easier to get the existing programs to run on Linux, instead of the other way around.
    Most of the critically important system software, including the C compiler, came from the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Started in 1984, the GNU project aims to develop an entire Unix-like operating system that is completely free. To credit them, many people like to refer to a Linux system as a GNU/Linux system. (GNU has their own kernel as well).
    During 1992 and 1993, the Linux kernel gathered all the necessary features it required to work as a replacement for Unix workstations, including TCP/IP networking and a graphical windowing system (the X Window System). Linux also received plenty of industry attention, and several small companies were started to develop and distribute Linux. Dozens of user groups were founded, and the Linux Journal magazine started to appear in early 1994.
    Version 1.0 of the Linux kernel was released in March 1994. Since then, the kernel has gone through many development cycles, each culminating in a stable version. Each development cycle has taken a year or three, and has involved redesigning and rewriting large parts of the kernel to deal with changes in hardware (for example, new ways to connect peripherals, such as USB) and to meet increased speed requirements as people apply Linux to larger and larger systems (or smaller and smaller ones : embedded Linux is becoming a hot topic). Now the latest version of linux is 2.6.33.3

    Soon Linus faced some confrontation from none other than Andrew Tanenbaum, the great teacher who wrote MINIX. In a post to Linus, Tanenbaum commented:

    "I still maintain the point that designing a monolithic kernel in 1991 is a fundamental error. Be thankful you are not my student. You would not get a high grade for such a design :-)"
    (Andrew Tanenbaum to Linus Torvalds)

    Linus later admitted that it was the worst point of his development of Linux. Tanenbaum was certainly the famous professor, and anything he said certainly mattered. But he was wrong with Linux, for Linus was one stubborn guy who won't admit defeat. Tanenbaum also remarked that : "Linux is obsolete". Now was the turn for the new Linux generation. Backed by the strong Linux community, Linus gave a reply to Tanenbaum which seems to be most fitting:

    Your job is being a professor and researcher: That's one hell of a good excuse for some of the brain-damages of minix.
    (Linus Torvalds to Andrew Tanenbaum)

    And work went on. Soon more than a hundred people joined the Linux camp. Then thousands. Then hundreds of thousands. This was no longer a hackers toy. Powered by a plethora of programs from the GNU project, Linux was ready for the actual showdown. It was licensed under GNU General Public License, thus ensuring that the source codes will be free for all to copy, study and to change. Students and computer programmers grabbed it.
    Soon, commercial vendors moved in. Linux itself was, and is free. What the vendors did was to compile up various software and gather them in a distributable format, more like the other operating systems with which people were more familiar. Red Hat , Caldera, and some other companies gained substantial amount of response from the users worldwide. While these were commercial ventures, dedicated computer programmers created their very own volunteer-based distribution, the famed Debian. With the new Graphical User Interfaces (like X-window System, )the Linux distributions became very popular.

    Meanwhile, there were amazing things happening with Linux. Besides the PC, Linux was ported to many different platforms. Linux was tweaked to run 3Com's handheld PalmPilot computer. Clustering technology enabled large number of Linux machines to be combined into a single computing entity, a parallel computer. In April 1996, researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory used Linux to run 68 PCs as a single parallel processing machine to simulate atomic shock waves. But unlike other Supercomputers costing a fortune, it was rather cheap. The do-it-yourself supercomputer cost only $152,000, including labor (connecting the 68 PCs with cables)-about one tenth the price of a comparable commercial machine. It reached a peak speed of 19 billion calculations per second, making it the 315th most powerful supercomputer in the world. And it was a robust one too. Three months later it still didn't have to be rebooted.


    A Beaming Linus Today

    The best thing about Linux today is the fanatic following it commands. Whenever a new piece of hardware is out, Linux kernel is tweaked to take advantage of it. For example, within weeks after the introduction of Intel Xeon® Microprocessor, Linux kernel was tweaked and was ready for it. It has also been adapted for use in Alpha, Mac, PowerPC, and even for palmtops, a feat which is hardly matched by any other operating system. And it continues its journey into the new millennium, with the same enthusiasm that started one fine day back in 1991.

    Patricia Miranda Torvalds
    Linus in 2002

    As for Linus, he remains a simple man. Unlike Bill Gates, he is not a billionaire. Having completed studies, he moved to USA and landed a job at Transmeta Corporation. After conducting a top-secret research and development project, Transmeta launched the CrusoeĆ¢„¢ processor. Linus was an active member of the research team. Recently married to Tove, he is the proud father of a girl, Patricia Miranda Torvalds. But he remains as the world's most favorite and most famous programmer to this date. Revered by Computer communities worldwide, Linus is by far the most popular programmer on this planet.

    Addtional info related to OS's:
    Different types of unix's

    1BSD
    2BSD
    3BSD
    4BSD
    4.4BSD Lite 1
    4.4BSD Lite 2
    386 BSD
    Acorn RISC iX
    Acorn RISC Unix
    AIX
    AIX PS/2
    AIX/370
    AIX/6000
    AIX/ESA
    AIX/RT
    AMiX
    AOS Lite
    AOS Reno
    ArchBSD
    ASV
    Atari Unix
    A/UX
    BOS
    BRL Unix
    BSD Net/1
    BSD Net/2
    BSD/386
    BSD/OS
    CB Unix
    Chorus
    Chorus/MiX
    Coherent
    CTIX
    CXOs
    Darwin
    Debian GNU/Hurd
    DEC OSF/1 ACP
    DesktopBSD
    Digital Unix
    DragonFly BSD
    Dynix
    Dynix/ptx
    ekkoBSD
    Eunice
    FireFly BSD
    FreeBSD
    FreeDarwin
    GNU
    GNU-Darwin
    Gnuppix GNU/Hurd-L4
    HPBSD
    HP-UX
    HP-UX BLS
    IBM AOS
    IBM IX/370
    Interactive 386/ix
    Interactive IS
    IRIS GL2
    IRIX
    Linux
    Lites
    LSX
    Mac OS X
    Mac OS X Server
    Mach
    MERT
    MicroBSD
    Mini Unix
    Minix
    Minix-VMD
    MIPS OS RISC/os
    MirBSD
    Mk Linux
    Monterey
    more/BSD
    mt Xinu
    MVS/ESA OpenEdition
    NetBSD
    NeXTSTEP
    NonStop-UX
    Open Desktop
    Open UNIX
    OpenBSD
    OpenDarwin
    OpenServer
    OpenSolaris
    OPENSTEP
    OS/390 OpenEdition
    OS/390 Unix
    OSF/1
    PC-BSD
    PC/IX
    Plan 9
    Plurix
    PWB
    PWB/UNIX
    QNX
    QNX RTOS
    QNX/Neutrino
    QUNIX
    ReliantUnix
    Rhapsody
    RISC iX
    RT
    SCO UNIX
    SCO UnixWare
    SCO Xenix
    SCO Xenix System V/386
    Security-Enhanced Linux
    Silver OS
    Sinix
    Sinix ReliantUnix
    Solaris
    SPIX
    SunOS
    Triance OS
    Tru64 Unix
    Trusted IRIX/B
    Trusted Solaris
    Trusted Xenix
    TS
    Tunis
    UCLA Locus
    UCLA Secure Unix
    Ultrix
    Ultrix 32M
    Ultrix-11
    Unicos
    Unicos/mk
    Unicos/mp
    Unicox-max
    UNICS
    UniSoft UniPlus new
    UNIX 32V
    UNIX Interactive
    UNIX System III
    UNIX System IV
    UNIX System V
    UNIX System V Release 2
    UNIX System V Release 3
    UNIX System V Release 4
    UNIX System V/286
    UNIX System V/386
    UNIX Time-Sharing System
    UnixWare
    UNSW
    USG
    Venix
    Xenix OS
    Xinu
    xMach
    z/OS Unix System Services
    Here is now some unixes that are not [yet] in my chart. Some web sites have listed them, like this site or this site. If you want to find more unixes, try Google :-)
    ABCenix
    ACIX
    AD
    Altos System V
    ARIX
    AurOS
    BOS/X
    C Executive
    CLIX
    Consensys Unix
    Concentrix
    ConvexOS
    CPIX
    Cromix
    CX/UX
    DC/OSx
    Dell Unix
    DG/UX
    DISTRIX
    DNIX
    DomainOS
    DRM System
    DTIX
    DVIX
    ENIX
    EP/IX
    Esix SVR4
    Eurix
    FOR:PRO
    FreeMiNT
    FTX
    Genix
    HCR
    Helios
    HEP-UPX
    HI-UX
    IDRIS
    INOS
    LSX
    LynxOS
    MachTen
    MacMach
    MAXION/OS
    MCS
    Micronix
    Microport SVR4
    MicroPort Unix
    Mimosnew
    MMOS
    MP-RAS UNIX
    MST UNIX
    Mulplix
    Munix
    NachOS
    NCR Unix
    NDIX
    News-OS
    NUXI
    Oasis
    ONIX
    OPUS
    OS 9
    OS/MP
    OSx
    PCUNIX
    PNX
    QNIX
    Regulus
    RT/EMT
    RTUX
    SORIX
    SOX
    Sphinx
    SPP-UX
    Stellix
    SUNIX
    Super-UX
    System B
    Thix
    TI System V
    TNIX
    Topix
    TOS
    Tropix
    UHC Unix
    Umax
    Uniq
    Unisis
    Unity
    UNOS
    UTEK
    UTS
    UTX/32S
    UX
    UXP/DS
    UZIX
    VM/IX
    VOLVIX
    Xoftnix
    Zeus

    home page's of different people who are resposiable for development of OS(unix and linux):

    Brian Kernighan

    http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/index.html

    Dennis Ritchie

    http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/index.html

    Ken Thompson

    http://plan9.bell-labs.com/who/ken/

    The above three are responsable for unix first version.

    Different types of Linux's

    The below site will give u different types of linux's

    The below guy responsable for linux develepment

    Linus Torvalds

    http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/torvalds/

    And last but not least see the link below

    http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/linus/

    Q & A

    1. When is first UNIX introduced?
    Ans : 1969.

    2. What is the present version of RedHat Enterprice Linux (by april 2007)?
    Ans : RHEL5.

    3. What is the present version of linux kernel (by april 2007)?
    Ans : Precent version of linux kernel is 2.6.20.7.

    4. What is the kernel type used bye linux?
    Ans : Modular kernel (i will explain this in comming class ie in 133 classes).

    5. State some Unix flavers you know?
    Ans : Free BSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, HP Unix(from HP), Solaries (from Sun micro systems).

    6. State some Linux flavers you know?
    Ans : RHEL, Fedora, CentOS, Ubuntu, Lindows(which have features of linux and MS window's), Suse, Debain etc.

    7. What is the main difference between fedora and RHEl?
    Ans : a.RedHat will give support to only for RHEL but not for Fedora with some charge.
    b. Fedora is a open source no help is provided by RedHat user group's will provide help for this Fedora.
    c. For every 2 years RHEL will be released where as Fedora is for very 6 months.
    8. What is the different OS released from RedHat in the devision of RHEL side?
    Ans : a. RedHat Desktop
    b. RedHat Enterprice server
    c. RedHat Advanced Server
    d.RedHat work station.
    9. What is the difference between Uinx and Linux?
    a. unix is monolithic kernel where as linux uses modular kernel.
    b. some commands will differ
    c. unix is commersial where as linux is free
    d. linux support different hardware you can install linux on notebook too.
    10.What is the difference between linux and window's?
    Ans : The given below link is enough
    http://www.michaelhorowitz.com/Linux.vs.Windows.html


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